Manifestation of Social Class in the Workplace Essay

Manifestation of Social Class in the Workplace - Essay Example â€Å"Serving in Florida† is the story of how social class is manifested, structured and stratified in the workplace. Because of this stratification and structure it paves the way for the higher social class to take advantage of people who are in the lower social class (Sanders, 1990). In Ehrenreichs (2008) dialogue, she underlines the harsh working conditions a laborer deals with on a daily basis in order for him or her to survive, which brings a glaring contradiction in consideration of the promise of the social-paradigm, capitalism. In the start of her story, career opportunities appear abundant. This is indicated by work advertisements, which ensure that the company will have an employment pool that compensates for high attrition and employment costs. Her failure to secure employment supports the argument that the idea of abundant opportunities is only an illusion. In a broader perspective, this is a manifestation of how the very principles of capitalism such as profit-max imization and cost-reduction can be argued to result in the frail economic conditions of the lower wage-earning sector. While one may argue that social class is inevitable, because competition itself occurs within the social classes; some of them earning more than others; some of them become managers while some subordinates. While this cycle is true and not necessarily wrong, what deserves attention in Ehrenreichs (2008) story is the extremity of the level of poverty and difficulty that the lower social class has to endure, even in the event that they have worked hard. This puts the working class in a very disadvantaged position, which manifests in a simple fact: the salary or wage that a regular employee is earning, even including the so called benefits that are attached with employment such as health care and other insurances, is not sufficient to provide for a fairly well level of lifestyle, and to that ‘American dream’, more so. The amount of work a blue-collar empl oyee is required to do, as made evident in the story is still not enough to pay for his or her basic needs, more so the things he or she desires to have to establish a good quality of life, such as land and housing property of his or her own. â€Å"God helps those who help themselves† is the spirit of work ethic that capitalism operates around (Weber, 2002), and while this has definitely contributed to the overall value that western societies assign to employment, it seems to have been already lost in Ehrenreichs (2008) account. Ultimately, the status of the narrator, being a low wageworker in the hospitality business, is an unfortunate irony, because while her work requires her to be accommodating to the needs of her company’s clients, she is not able to do the same for her own sake, a circumstance that does not indeed sit well with the promise of capitalism, given its operating principle: the profit motive, the perfect competition, the free enterprise and the deregul ated market- all are in theory supposed to work such that there will be a sustainable life not only for those what will succeed in the establishment of businesses, such as those that the characters in the story are employed under, but also the labor sector itself must be included in that growth. In this story, it

Art of Negotiation Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Art of Negotiation - Assignment Example Effective negotiation skills are the solution to every conflict despite the extent of the conflict. Leaving the money on the table is a lose-lose negotiation skill. In a lose-lose situation, both parties in dispute end up being worse off. Each party in this situations feels that they have lost and therefore none claim being discriminated against. In some case, a win-win option is available but the involved parties are not aware. In the case of two prisoners being convicted of similar crimes, a lose-lose, win-lose or win-win situation can happen. This depends on how the criminals individually respond to the allegations against them. If both the criminals confess to the charges are maximum equally sentenced lose-lose situation occurs. If neither of them confesses to the charges and a minimum sentence is laid on them, then they experience a win-win situation. However, if one prisoner accepts and the others decline the allegation at the expense of the other, making his or her opponent face sentence alone, then a win-lose situation occurs. In many countries, elections are bound to have some disputes especially after the announcement of final results. None of the candidates believes and wants to accept the fact that they have been defeated. Therefore, allegations are made on petty issues such as biased counting of votes, bribing of voters, ineffective electoral process, and instrumental failure among others. In such situation, an effective negotiation skill has to be put in place to avoid long and short-term effects to the nation. For instance, war and rivalry among communities. As a negotiator, I would use my negotiating skills in this situation in a wise manner. In the case of some of the allegation by the loser has some basis, the lose-lose situation would have to take place.  

Perceptive Fields and the Hermann Grid Illusion

Perceptive Fields and the Hermann Grid Illusion Measuring Perceptive fields using the Hermann Grid Illusion Lachlan Cox Abstract This study looks at how displacement of the fovea changes how the Hermann Grid illusion is shown at different bar widths. The first hypothesis was that the bar width at which the illusion was maximal would increase with increased eccentricity. The second hypothesis was the bar width at which the illusion would increase the higher eccentricity. The study was carried out on 228 participants and after the study was completed it was seen that the first hypothesis was confirmed, and while the means showed a positive correlation in the second hyposthesis, there was not a significant difference between two of the levels of the IV. Introduction There are a broad spectrum of topics that psychology delves into, from how the brain works to how people interact with the world and those around them. Many psychologist study how the brain perceives the world and how it can be fooled whilst been given the same raw data everyone else has. However, this study is going to be centralized around the eyes, and how they can be giving the brain false information before it even gets there. This experiment will focus on the measurement of perceptive fields at altered distances from the fovea. To test this, altered bar widths will be used within a Hermann Grid Illusion. A Hermann Grid Illusion is a black background that is covered by intersecting horizontal and vertical white line, giving the illusion of even black squares (Schiller and Carvey, 2005). This phenomenon was first attributed to simultaneous contrast, which was described by Hermann as being â€Å"The apparent brightness of each point on the grid depends on the amount of black which exists in a certain area around it (1870. As cited in Spillmann, 1994). From this, Hermann stipulates that when there are larger white bars, peripheral contrast is less as there is less black to contrast. This is explained as â€Å"Its brightness will thus be less enhanced by contrast and must therefore appear darker.† (1870. As cited in Spillmann, 1994) However, it wasn’t until many years later that there was a new explanation for the phenomenon. A theory within the human visual system called receptive-field organization. This theory was brought to light by Baumgartner. His theory was that the illusion was due to the fact that â€Å"brightness signalling on-center cells stimulated by the intersection receive about twice as much lateral inhibition as cells stimulated by the bars.† (Spillmann, 1994). Lateral inhibitions will then cause the intersections to appear darker. Lateral inhibition is when a neuron is overly excited, which reduces the activity of neighbouring cells. When applying Lateral inhibition to the Hermann Grid illusion, lateral inhibition occurs when the outer ganglion cells are over-stimulated, causing under stimulation of the center ganglion cells, making the intersection seem darker. Width is a very important consideration when discussing the Hermann Grid illusion as a whole. Braumgartner also discussed how the diameter of the receptive field could be measured by using the width of the bar. When the illusion was strongest correlated with the diameter of the receptive field center (1960. As cited in Spillmann, 1994) Spillmann then goes onto describe how to measure the size of a receptive field. â€Å"To determine the size of a perceptive-field center, the observation distance (and thus the visual angle of the inducing stimulus) is varied until the illusion is maximal. For a threshold measurement, it is assumed that the critical bar width at which the illusory spots are strongest corresponds to the size of the perceptive-field center.† (1994). This can also be adapted to measure the size of the periphery, rather than the center of the perceptive field. This can be done by displacing the fixation point (Spillmann, 1964. As cited in Spillmann 1994). Because of this, the Hermann grid illusion can be used to measure both the center and the surround of the perceptive field. There are going to be two hypothesis considered when undertaking this experiment. These will discuss how the bar width interacts with the size of the perceptive field centers as well as how the bar width interacts with the whole perceptive field. The first hypothesis being discussed in this experiment is that the bar-width at which the illusion is maximal should increase with increasing distance from the fovea, this being due to the size of the perceptive field centers. The second hypothesis being discussed is that the bar width where the illusion disappears should increase as the distance from the fovea increases, this time due to the size of the whole perceptive field, including center and surround. Method Participants The participants for this experiment were 228 QUT students enrolled into the unit PYB204 – Perception and Cognition. By being part of the unit, participants were deemed to be eligible and those who were present the day of the experiment had the chance to participate. No other selection or exclusion criteria was applied to those who could participate in the experiment. Of the 228 participants, 180 were female and 48 male, and ranged in age between 18 and 61 with a mean age of 23.82 Design In this experiment, the Independent variable (IV) was the displacement from the fovea. There are 3 degrees of displacement used in this experiment, which are; 0 °, 5 ° and 10 °. Participants were to complete all 3 levels of the IV, which were randomized as a control variable. The first DV is the bar width where the illusion is maximal using a method of adjustment, while the second DV is the bar width at which the illusion disappears. This uses a staircase method using a step size of 0.04 ° with 6 reversals. From this, it can be extrapolated that each participant looked at the Hermann grid illusion six times, three for the first DV and three times for the second DV. Other control measures used include having an equal amount of intersections in each grid as well as the fact that half of the participants viewed their displaced grid from the left and the other half on the right. Apparatus Stimuli was rendered on a 21.5† monitor, using 1400 x 900 screen resolution. No working distance correction was given and participants were instructed to wear whatever spectacles they used for computer work, if any. Participants viewed a 3 x 3 grid subtending 6.6 ° with the central point of the grid displaced at either 5 °, 10 ° or 15 ° from the center of fixation. Participants were provided a visual target (a plus â€Å"+† sign) to fixate upon, which was located in the center of the screen. Procedure Prior to the experiment, particpants were directed to a computer, with their head 30cm away from the monitor. During the test, six different test were conducted. The two hypothesis were conducted sequentially, the first three tests considering the first hypothesis and the last three tests considering the second hypothesis. The first three tests required participants to evaluate at what width the illusion was most apparent. The second three tests required the participants to locate when the illusion was minimal at each level of the IV. These tests were conducted in computer labs with roughly 10-30 people in each session and all sessions happening over the course of one week. Groups were conducted at different times of the day. Results The results from each of these experiments were collated and processed and descriptive data was collected to provide some understanding as to how each of the tests were affected by the bar width. A table of these statistics is provided below. Means and Standard Deviation of Maximal Illusion and Illusion Threshold As evidenced in Table 1, it shows that the mean increased for each level of the IV, it was reported that the lowest mean was when there was no displacement from the fovea (Mean = .54, SD = .37). The next highest being the average amount of displacement, 5 °. (Mean = .68, SD = .38) and the largest displacement (10 °) showed the highest mean of all the trials in the first set of trials. (Mean = .83, SD = .44). This shows that there is a positive correlation between the displacement of the fovea, and the bar width at which the illusion is maximal. This is also seen in the second set of trials. Where there was no displacement of the fovea, there was the lowest mean for bar width. (Mean = .91, SD = .47), the second test shows the second highest displacement and the average mean. (Mean = 1.16, SD = .47) and the largest Displacement from the fovea (10 °) shows the largest mean (Mean = 1.19, SD = .51) While means were used to show some correlation, t-tests were also completed to see whether or not the data would be statistically relevant. All but one of the t-tests completed showed that there were significant differences between the levels of the IV. When considering the differences between threshold 5 and threshold 10, it showed that there was not a significant difference between the two levels of the IV. (t(228) = -1.472 p> .05) Discussion When considering results from these experiments, the first hypothesis was confirmed. As the displacement from the fovea increased, so did the bar width that the illusion was maximal. 0 ° had the lowest mean with .54, 5 ° was second with a mean of .68 and 10 ° had the largest mean width with .83. These studies are in line with previous studies of the phenomenon and are indicative of previous results by Spillmann and Random-Hogg (1980). However, when considering the threshold DV, the hypothesis was not completely confirmed. When considering the mean widths, there was a positive correlation throughout, with the smallest mean being assigned to no displacement with a mean of .91, the second highest mean of 1.16 going to the 5 ° displacement of the fovea and finally the largest mean width being attributed to the largest displacement of the fovea, 10 ° with a mean of 1.19. However, when conducting t-tests to consider the significance of the results, it was found that there was not a significant difference between the results of the 5 ° of displacement and the 10 ° of displacement. While the means are in line with current research, more testing could show more statistically significant results. Some of the limitations of this study can be the eyesight of the participants. Participants in the past have reported not being able to see all levels of the IV, which could give skewed results as some participants could only take part in part of the experiment. One of the ways to combat this is to add selection criteria on to the experiment to make sure that all participants can see all parts of the IV. One of the ways that this future studies could improve upon this experiment is to complete the experiment with more advanced technology when it is available, so that researchers will be able to get a greater idea of how the eye and perceptive fields work within the eye. References Hermann L, 1870 Eine Erscheinung des simultanen Contrastes Pfliigers Archiv fiir die gesamte Physiologie 3 13- 15 Hermann L, 1870 Eine Erscheinung des simultanen Contrastes Pfliigers Archiv fiir die gesamte Physiologie 3 13- 15 Ransom-Hogg, A., Spillmannn, L. (1980). Perceptive field size in fovea and periphery of the light-and dark-adapted retina. Vision Research, 20(3), 221-228. Schiller, P. H., Carvey, C. E. (2005). The Hermann grid illusion revisited. Perception-London, 34(11), 1375-1398. Spillmann L, 1964 Zur Feldorganisation der visuellen Wahrnehmung beim Menschen. Vergleichende psychophysische Untersuchung der GrojJe rezeptiver Felder im zentralen und peripheren Gesichtsfeld mit Simultankontrast, Flimmerfusion, Scheinbewegung und Blickfolgebewegung PhD Dissertation, Munster, Westfalen Spillmannn, L. (1994). The Hermann grid illusion: a tool for studying human perceptive field organization. PERCEPTION-LONDON-, 23, 691-691.

My Socialization Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  My socialization while growing up had everything to do with my parents. In my household I didn’t have just one certain style of parenting. My mother was a permissive parent, and my father was very much an authoritative dad. This was able to happen because my father travels a lot of the time and is out of the house, therefore giving me the chance take advantage of my mom being so much of a push over. When my father was gone on business I could get away with anything such as not cleaning my room, staying up as late as I wanted, and receiving anything I wanted. If my Mom did not giving in to my requests I would just throw a simple temper tantrum and five minutes later victory would be mine. On the other hand when my dad was around everything was to be done his way. If he didn’t think I needed it, I did not get it, no matter how much complaining and whining. In my Dads mind I had to deserve everything I received, if I did something wrong couple days earl ier he would remind me about it as I was asking for a bike or what ever else it is I wanted. Don’t get me wrong my dad wasn’t a mean guy or an abusive father, I knew my limits and when every I would get dumb enough to cross that line, he was right there to put back in my place.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It isn’t hard for me to think back to my gendered socialization, strictly because me being a man was drilled into my head since the day that I was born. I was born on January 6th 1985 in a suburb of Olathe Kansas, and In Olathe high school sports are everything. I have pictures of me when I was five months old with cowboy outfits, and football uniforms. As I became old enough to walk I was thrown into every sport possible. I played football, baseball, soccer, and basketball. I had practice year round sometimes everyday, and no matter how much complaining I did I was at every practice everyday. My father wanted me to be the best at everything I did; therefore I spent many nights after practice practicing with him. When I was that young I enjoyed every second of practice with my father. Being the best was so deeply instilled in me that anytime I failed it was a catastrophe to me. For example in baseball I would probably only strike out three to four times a s eason, which is great looking back now, but when I did strike out I became irate. I would be kicked out of those three or fo... ...ang around them but they were way to boring for me. Now days I have a new group of friends, but homophily still takes place. They are my friends in my fraternity. We are all almost exactly alike, some may say too much alike and we have no diversity, but that’s the way we like it. We all like to go have a good time, and stay on the edge of breaking the law without falling over. I guess propinquity can be a role also because many of my fraternity brothers I met living in the dorms with them. I think that both homophily and propinquity plays roles in everyone’s relationships with others because when you see someone often you get to know each other whether you’re alike or not, and of course you’re going to get along with someone who has the same interest as you.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As I write this paper I realize that all of these questions I was asked to answer all go back to the way I was raised. My anger with sports likely was cause by my dad longing for me to be great. Me homophily with all of the football players was a product of my parents making me do all of the sports. All in all I had a great upbringing and I wouldn’t change one thing.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

Alexander Murray Palmer Haley

Alex Haley was born on August 11, 1921 in Ithaca, New York. He was the oldest son of Simon Alexander Haley and Bertha Palmer Haley. His father was a World War I veteran, and his mother was a teacher. Until he was five years old, he lived in Henning, Tennessee with his grandmother because his father had to finish his studies. Alex was always extremely proud of his father as a young man. Alex Haley graduated from high school at the age of 15 and enrolled at Alcorn A&M College (Alcorn State University) in Mississippi.He focused hard on education, just like his father. In 1939 he quit school, though, to become part of the Coast Guard. He retired from the Coast Guard in 1959, and decided to make writing part of his life. He became a freelance writer. He wrote many articles over the years and got them published, but he got very little pay. Haley can still remember working 16-hours a day for roughly $2,000 a year, surviving on not much but canned sardines. Alex Haley was the author of the R oots phenomenon.He had learned tales of his African ancestor, Kunta Kinte, as a child. Alex was told he was Kunta Kinte’s seventh generation descendant, and after ten years of research he discovered the truth. He went to the village of Juffure, where Kunta Kinte grew up, and listened to the true tales of a tribal historian. Alex said that the most emotional moment of his life was standing at the site in Annapolis, Maryland, where his ancestor stood in chains from Africa more than 200 years ago. Alex Haley also wrote The Autobiography of Malcolm X book.His big breakthrough was in 1962 when he was asked to do an interview with the trumpeter Miles Davis in the Playboy magazine. The interview was so successful that Haley was given a contract to conduct interviews with several other African Americans. Haley interviewed Martin Luther King Jr. , Sammy Davis Jr. , Quincy Jones, and Malcolm X. After an interview with Malcolm X, Alex asked if he could write a book on Malcolm’s l ife. Two years later, The Autobiography of Malcolm X: As Told To Alex Haley book was published.Not only did Alex Haley write these beautiful pieces of art he showed people of color that they too should be proud of their heritage and avoid easily falling victim to the viciousness of racism. Through his writing, Alex Haley was capable of making African Americans feel strong and triumphant. He attempted to depict African Amercians for what they truly opposed to what many racists may perceive them to be. This is in my opinion, is what Alex Haley has contributed to society. If I could meet Alex Haley, I would tell him how much I admire him and his ancestor, Kunta Kinte.I watched Roots from start to finish and it honestly blew my mind. I would also ask a few questions, such as- â€Å"What was it like after you found out Kunta Kinte was your ancestor? † â€Å"How did you feel when you stood at the site where Kunta Kinte arrived? † â€Å"Did you like school? † And final ly, â€Å"Do you know how much I love Roots? † I actually did enjoy researching Alex Haley because I learned a few new things. I had been wanting to learn more about the man who directed Roots. So when I was given this project I was pretty excited.

Exploring the Biological Perspective on Depression

Approximately 80% of people who experience depression are currently not receiving any treatment. This statistic Is sad because depression Is one of the most treatable Illnesses. If treated with the proper medication and or therapy, 80% to 90% will find relief. By the year 2020, depression will be the second most common health problem in the world (SYS). I believe depression to be a very Interesting topic because as common as depression is, there is still a stigma attached to â€Å"being depressed. † I currently suffer from depression and would like to know more about it and the different treatments that are available.In this study, I will explain, discuss, and elaborate upon the point of view, assumptions, strengths, and weaknesses of the biological perspective on depression. The biological perspective focuses on how the brain functions and the influence of genetics on behavior. Therefore, the biological perspective explains depression as it relates to the functions of the bra in. There are roughly ten million cells, called neurons, In your brain and each neuron connects to another neuron. When the connection is made, it is in the form of an electrical impulse which travels down the connections between neurons.The neurons that carry these electrical impulses contain small gaps called synapses. These are important because they allow electrical activity, and hence brain functioning, to take place. In order for an impulse (or message) to go from one neuron across the synapse to another neuron. A number of important enzymes, called neurotransmitters, have to come into play. In total there six different groups of neurotransmitters and each one is specific to a particular type of brain cell. From the point of view of depression, the main neurotransmitters are serotonin and noradrenalin, sometimes called morphogenesis Priest).When we are depressed, physical changes take place within our bodies. The most Important of these changes takes place within the brain. It Is on this basis that depression is considered a physical illness, rather than merely something psychological or something that exists only in the imagination or perception of the ‘OFF sufferer (Pretest). I nerve Is a null degree AT variation among people Walt depression In terms of symptoms, course of illness, and response to treatment, indicating that depression may have a number of complex and interacting causes.These varying actors pose a major challenge to researchers attempting to understand and treat the disorder (Psych Central). However, recent advances in research technology are bringing National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) scientists closer than ever before to characterizing the biology and physiology of depression in its different forms and to the possibility of identifying effective treatments for individuals based on symptom presentation.People who suffer from depression have low levels of these two neurotransmitters, and this is thought to lead to the main symptoms of low mood, owe-energy, depressed outlook on life, disturbed sleep and a low drive or arousal which relates back to the definition of depression. The strengths of the biological perspective that relate to depression are the fact that depression is mainly a result of low levels of certain neurotransmitters. Another reason could be an imbalance of hormones, which would explain why nearly twice as many women as men are affected by a depressive illness each year.The influence of hormones on depression in women has been an active area of NIMH research. One recent study was the first to demonstrate that the troublesome depressive mood wings and physical symptoms of premenstrual syndrome (MS), a disorder affecting 3% to 7% of menstruating women, results from an abnormal response to normal hormone changes during the menstrual cycle. The hormonal system that regulates the body response to stress is the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HAP) axis. It is overactive in many patients wi th depression.The hypothalamus, the brain region responsible for managing hormone release from glands throughout the body, increases production of a substance called corporation releasing factor (CRY), when a threat to physical or psychological well-being is detected. Elevated levels and effects of CRY lead to increased hormone secretion by the pituitary and adrenal glands which prepares the body for defensive action. NIMH research suggests that persistent over activation of this hormonal system may lay the groundwork for depression.The elevated CRY levels detectable in depressed patients are reduced by treatment with antidepressant drugs or ACT, and this reduction corresponds to improvement in depressive symptoms [ (Psych Central) In the sixties, the biological perspective became dominant due to numerous breakthroughs in genetics, psychopathology, neurophysiology, and brain research. Genetic research has also been able to show support that biological elements play a strong role in depression.Close relatives of people who suffer from depression were found to be more susceptible to depression in comparison to people of the general population. There has been extensive research done on trying to identify the gene that causes depression. However, it has been hard to identify the gene and researchers feel that there are several genes that contribute to depression, meaning that each gene makes a small contribution. Psychopathology provides more evidence that the biological perspective is the primary Doctor In oppression. Ever ten past cache, targeted rug eagles NAS lea to significant advances in the pharmacological management of depression. In the sass the introduction of the selective serotonin eruptive inhibitors (Girls), into clinical medicine was heralded as the â€Å"first class† of antidepressants with a selective action on a key neurological target in depression, namely serotonin. The selective serotonin eruptive inhibitors (Girls) are the most widely used antidepressants cause they are easy to use, and their side effects are better tolerated than those of older antidepressants.The most frequently used Girls are Florentine (Approach), serialize (Zloty), parenting (Paxar), and Catalonian (Clean). A newer antidepressant is ventilating (Officer), which is closely related to the Girls. Antidepressant medications take several weeks to be clinically effective even though they begin to alter brain chemistry with the very first dose. Research now indicates that antidepressant effects result from slow-onset adaptive changes within the neurons.The fact that a depressed person can take an antidepressant and feel better proves that depression is mainly the result of the biological perspective [ (â€Å"Pharmacology and Depression† Pumped. Gob) Neurophysiology is a branch of clinical psychology that studies how the brain and nervous system affect how we function on a daily basis. Unlike the use of normalizing techniques such as MR., CT scans and Egg's where the focus is on nervous system structures, neurophysiology seeks to understand how the various components of the brain are able to do their Jobs.Clinical neurophysiology makes SE of various assessment methods to ascertain function and dysfunction and applies this knowledge to evaluate, treat, and rehabilitate individuals with suspected or demonstrated neurological or psychological problems [ (Rightful. Com) In the past decade, there have been significant advances in our ability to investigate brain function at multiple levels. The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) is collaborating with various scientific disciplines to effectively utilize the tools of molecular and cellular biology and genetics.Modern brain imaging technologies re revealing that in depression, neural circuits responsible for the regulation of moods, thinking, sleep, appetite, and behavior fail to function properly, and that critical neurotransmitters, chemicals used by nerve cells to c ommunicate, are perhaps out of balance [ (Psych Central) The weaknesses of the biological perspective are that it does not take into account your environment, society, and culture. The behavioral perspective explains mental illness as a learned response to stimuli. From a behavioral perspective, learning theorists assume that depression and the lack of reinforcement are related.Most researchers think that depression results from an interaction between the person's biological characteristics and psychological vulnerability and the occurrence of stressful events in his or her life [ (Huckleberry) The socio-cultural perspective describes depression as the result of social, economic, and cultural factors. Strong evidence of this is shown among people living in poverty. In addition, there are other factors, such as today's high rate of unemployment and victims of social disasters like war. In ten manliest perspective, a person's Taller to Tina meaning In Tie or to lawful their potential can be attributed to depression.Abraham Mascot was an American psychologist who was best known for his theory of human motivation, which led to a therapeutic technique known as self-actualization. Mascot proposed that an individual is motivated by a hierarchy of needs. A humans basic needs must be met before higher ones can be satisfied. Arranged in order from lowest to highest in a hierarchy, the needs are physiological (satisfaction of hunger and thirst), safety (security), belongingness and love (being loved, avoiding loneliness), esteem achievement, recognition, self-esteem), self-actualization (realization of one's full potential).Mascot also believed that the achievement of self-actualization is often marked by peak experiences, feelings of incredible peace and happiness in the course of life activities. When these, hierarchy of needs that Mascot talks about are not met like being lonely, having low self esteem, and not reaching ones full potential in correlation with the biol ogical factors, you have a recipe for depression. Carl Rogers, a clinical psychologist, used the theory of self-concept, which he defined as n organized pattern of perceived characteristics along with the values attached to those attributes.He also assumed that within each individual there is a biological drive toward growth of self-concept, which can ultimately lead to self-actualization. Rogers believed that while children's self-concept is developing, they may internalize conditions of worth, Judgments about the kinds of behaviors that will bring approval from others. He felt that to promote growth and development, parents and authority figures should give a child unconditional acceptance and love, which allows a child to evolve self-acceptance and to achieve self-actualization.To help his clients get back on the road to self-actualization, he developed a therapeutic approach called client- centered therapy, in which the therapist offers the client unconditional positive regard b y supporting the client regardless of what is said. The warm, sympathetic therapeutic environment allows the client to be freed of internalized conditions of worth and to resume the self-actualization process [ (Huckleberry) In conclusion, by exploring the different psychological perspectives, I had to take y blinders off in order gain a greater understanding of depression and how it relates to the perspectives.

The Failures of Freud and Psychoanalysis Essays

The Failures of Freud and Psychoanalysis Essays The Failures of Freud and Psychoanalysis Paper The Failures of Freud and Psychoanalysis Paper In October 1900, Philip Bauer took his 18-year-old daughter to see the little known psychoanalyst Dr. Sigmund Freud. Bauer took his daughter to be treated by Freud for her recent display of strange behaviors such as saying strange things, and threatening suicide. From Freuds initial point of view the case did not seem to be particularly promising in terms of supplying new features for his theories in development. Freud diagnosed the young woman as possessing the typical signs of hysteria, a psychosis that he had previously encountered copiously. However, the resulting case proved to engage Freud more than he initially thought and slowly blossomed into Freuds most famous case history. A few days after taking the case, Freud wrote his friend Wilhelm Fleiss that a case has smoothly opened to the existing collection of picklocks. 1 Freuds newfound interest in the case unexpectedly was siphoned because the young patient abruptly terminated her psycho-analyitical treatment at the end of December of 1904, only eleven weeks after she first came to Freud. Freud wrote up his case-notes in January of 1901, but it wasnt until 1905 that his Fragment of an Analysis of a Case of Hysteria , or known as Dora, was published in a specialist journal. 2 This was the inauspicious start of a case history that snowballed into being recognized as the first of Freuds great case histories and which has taken its place as one of the classic reports in the psychiatric literature. 3 The pseudonym that Freud gave to the patient Ida Bauer, Dora, has become commonly associated whenever Freud is mentioned. In his recounting of the Dora case, Freud is surprisingly frank about his inability to deal with his patient effectively. The Dora case morphed from a case that was supposed to strengthen Freuds psychoanalytical theory into an example of the failure on the part of both Freud and psychoanalysis. It was a combination of the ineffectiveness of Freud and his flawed theory that catalyzed Dora to stop her treatment. These failures and Freuds relative openness about them reveal that Freud was not able to clearly and effectively analyze his patient because of psychoanalysiss unwanted side effect of transference. As a medical scientist, Freud was so frank about his inability to deal with Dora because he wanted to improve his methods and ultimately learn from his mistakes. The failures in Dora also serve to show that Freuds method of psychoanalysis was attached with the phenomenon of transference, proving to be hugely detrimental to the success of Freuds attempt to cure his patient. Transference is the projection by the patient of the cause of his or her symptoms onto the analyst. The interaction between the patient and the analyst is structured or constructed by the patient as one in which the cause of the hysterical symptoms is transferred to the relationship with the physician. In the case of Dora, her symptoms brought on from exposure to Herr K and her father transferred to Freud becoming the cause of her hysteria. Transferences shifting of a psychosis from interaction with the original perpetrators to interaction with the analyst is something that Freud could not avoid. Psychoanalysis is flawed by nature and it took Dora to expose its downfalls and brought Freud an endless supply of criticism. Feminist scholars attack Freud for his clear annoyance with Dora and his inability to set aside male prejudices. Freud could be portrayed to show a lack of empathy for a suffering adolescent girl being victimized by egoistic adults, including her father. 4 Freud explained his lack of empathy for Dora because he had always avoided acting a part, and have contented myself with practicing the humbler arts of psychology. Freud attempted to adopt a laizze-fair and Baconian approach toward Dora but could not accomplish this because he was connected to Doras symptoms through the behavior of males in Doras life. Unknowingly Freud treated Dora like the other males in her life by not caring about her problems and seemingly use her for his own personal advantage. This is akin to Doras fear of her father using her to get closer to Frau K. Dora feels used by all men in her life and Freuds nonchalant behavior propagated these feelings concordantly with her symptoms of hysteria. This failure on Freuds part reveals that Freud was doing his job as a medical scientist by not playing a role, but his adherence to scientific methods made him unable to gain ground on Doras psychosis. Freud was not at fault for not sympathizing with Dora, he was emotionally confined within a scientific procedure that he believed was the only way to cure his patient. While bounded in the laws of science, Freud still aimed at describing Doras story in a manner that engaged any reader and was scientific enough to satisfy his contemporaries. Freud elucidates Doras story in a detective manner that paints a scene in which Freud is attempting to unearth the buried roots of Doras psychosis. The dialogue between him and Dora provides evidence supporting Freuds conclusions he surmises along the way, slowly exposing the repressed nature of Doras symptoms. For the most part Freud accepts Doras story yet he wonders why Dora claims to feel disgust, rather than sexual desire when Herr K grabs her, pressing his erect phallus against her body. Freud is of the opinion that Dora unconsciously desires Herr K and for good measure he also claims that she desires Frau K. The problem is no longer seen to be Doras resistance to the male phallus, but has become Freuds assumptions about womens desires. Freud also interprets that Doras obsession with her fathers love for Frau K acts as a cover-up or a displacement of Doras own attraction both to her father and to Herr K. Her love for her father is an infantile impulse that is revived in order to deceive Dora herself about her love for Herr K. Both of these conclusions are based upon speculation and have little facts attributed to them. This is an example of how Freud speculates a conclusion based upon no evidence therefore lending him to be criticized for repressing Doras urges further below the conscience. Freud claimed that he was uncovering hidden desires, but critics suggest that his revelations conceal as much as they expose. These assumptions by Freud show that accompanied with transference, an instrumental failure of his therapy is that his conclusions can only be based upon assumptions. Freud later acknowledges that it was his failures that made Dora end her treatment but it was necessary to publish the case history of Dora to show the failures of psychoanalysis so that they may be improved. It is surprising that Freud writes about his failures with such a magnitude of openness that he passes close to condemning himself and his own approach. Freud wrote so frankly about the failures of his methods and his overall therapy because he was above all a scientist and had to fail first to succeed in perfecting psychoanalysis. It was Freuds duty to publish his failures because he still believed that he was on the correct track to solving the mysteries of hysterias origin. In his prefatory remarks to Fragment of an Analysis of a Case of Hysteria he states that, it becomes the physicians duty to publish what he believes he knows of the causes and structure of hysteria, and it becomes a disgraceful piece of cowardice on his part to neglect doing so. 6 Freud was obligated to publish Dora, and never seemed to regret it. In conclusion, Freud tried his best to cure Dora of her psychosis but because of the failures of his theory and failures on the part of Freud as a medical scientist, he failed Dora and psychoanalysis was irrevocably changed forever. These failures reveal that Freud was an astounding medical scientist who tried his best to succeed where others have failed, and that psychoanalysis came attached with transference. The transference of Doras fear of men to Freud was a side effect of psychoanalysis that Freud had not foreseen. Dora proves to be one of Freuds most famous case histories because it shows that psychoanalysis could work, but doesnt. Freud himself was also at fault for not comforting Dora while she told him things that she could tell no one else. In this manner of not paying attention to her emotional needs, Freud pushed Dora further away until she could not withstand his treatment any longer. Freuds openness about the failures within the case show that he wanted to improve upon his methods and that he truly believed in the positive effects of psychoanalysis, a theory that will be questioned forever.

Compare and Contrast Essay Sample on Two Movies “O Brother, Where Art thou” and “The Wizard of Oz”

Compare and Contrast Essay Sample on Two Movies â€Å"O Brother, Where Art thou† and â€Å"The Wizard of Oz† The main idea of this essay is to give a comparison of between these two movies: O Brother, Where Art thou? and The Wizard of Oz. The essay compares and contrasts the heroes in both movies, three companions and the mentors in the movies. A hero is a person, mostly a man, admired for noble qualities. In a film, a hero is a chief character in a movie that is identified with outstanding or good qualities. Ulysses Everett McGill is the hero in the movie ‘‘O Brother, Where Art Thou?’ He displays a character of a charming, fast- spoken and wise man in this movie. The funny character is that he maintains on keeping his hair. He is the hero because he is the main character in the movie. McGill’s journey begins at Mississippi, at a time it was experiencing a great depression. Here they meet three convicts who have just escaped from prison. Here they stumble in different careers where they meet McGill’s wife who is about to leave for better man and they solve their issues. McGill has three companions; Pete, Delmar and Tommy. They represent co- escapees from the prison because McGill approaches them and talks to them about the idea which they receive gladly. They have played different jobs roles; Pete- plays a loyal character after Delmar is turned into a frog he is very caring for him. Delmar is wise enough because he thinks he should be the leader and he always questions what Everett does. Tommy acts courageously because he has faced the devil. They complement each other. Mentor refers to a senior person who is influential and gives advice. Governor is the mentor in this movie. The governor is a tough guy belonging to KKK clan which makes him influential and a powerful person. Dorothy is the hero in the movie ‘The Wizard of Oz.’ she displays a courageous character who is ready to face the witch who is to show her way back home from the Land of Oz She beats all the odds on her to the witch. She is also friendly and wise because she makes friends there. Both heroes are wise and friendly. Dorothy has three companions; tin man, scarecrow and lion. They are used in the movie because culturally they are icons, funny and central figures for children and their legacy. Tin man is a show of loyalty, the scarecrow signifies wisdom and the lion represents courage for he is the king of the jungle. McGills companions are dimwits compared to those of Dorothy. The only similarity they have is that they play same roles of loyalty, wisdom and courage. The good witch and the Wizard of Oz are the mentors in the movie of ‘The Wizard of Oz.’ The witch play an influential job of showing the way. She is kind and has the power. The wizard is tough and fiery. The mentors in both movies display almost the same characters of power and toughness. The difference is that the good witch is good and kind towards Dorothy and Toto. In conclusion both movies are interesting and eye catching. In both movies there is a great similarity amongst the characters, mentors and heroes. Although a few differences could be noticed, these movies seem to drive the same message home. Both movies are classics of all time.

Campaign Speech Essay Sample

To my darling instructors. fellow pupils. campaigners. the module and staffs. and to our invitee. a pleasant twenty-four hours to all! First and first. I’d like to take this chance to thank you for being here. for your clip. for leting me to portion my thoughts. and for holding this election. without your presence this election wouldn’t be of great success. Actually. I’m out or words right now. as I stare at you guys because I’m imposingly mesmerized by how gorgeous and fine-looking my audience are that I could barely retrieve what I was supposed to state. As I stand here in forepart of you. I know most of us know my intent of talking in such a large crowd. I’m here to present myself among those who don’t cognize me. By the manner I am ( insert name ) . I’m on my ( twelvemonth ) of analyzing ( class ) . I’d like to run in the place of going your following pupil president. For the past old ages. I’ve been a dedicated pupil with a passionate bosom to function others. As a pupil. I know the demands of my fellow pupils and that most of us wants to see betterment in this school. If a given a opportunity to go your president. I will do certain that what most of us wants would be implemented. One of my platforms is to implement a systematic registration procedure. This is ever the job we pupils encounter during registration and so holding a systemized process and stairss could do us avoid fuss and questions. Another is the changeless updates of proclamations and posting calendar of activities through Bulletin Boards and other ways so that bulk will cognize the approaching activities. I have tonss of thoughts for the improvement of the bulk. I may non province them one by one ‘cause that may tire you and besides I don’t want to do this address any longer. One thing’s for certain that I will make my really best to go to to your demands and wants. I will non assure anything for a promise is merely a word of award. but I will certainly be committed and that is far greater than a promise. Now that you have heard my platform. the determination is yours. to vote or non to vote. Be certain. ballot sagely.

Land Law paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Land Law paper - Essay Example This Act, together with the Rules, regulates the role and practice of HM Land Registry (The 1925 Reforms and Unregistered Land Law, 2006). The Land Registration Act 2002 simplified and modernised the law of land registration. It also makes the register reflect a more accurate picture of a title to land. It is intended to facilitate the introduction of e-conveyancing1. This Act makes some major changes to the law regulating registered land. Specifically, it enables shorter leases to be registered, introduces voluntary land registration, changes the system of protection of third party rights and reforms and modernises the law of adverse possession or squatters' rights. The Land Registration Act has been received with much critical acclaim. It is a work of monumental importance and monumental effort. The Land Registration Act 2002 contains significant new provisions that are directed towards the goal of total registration (Gray and Gray, 2006). 1/The Land Registry e-conveyancing (2006) defined e-conveyancing as the transformation of the current paper-based conveyancing system into electronic form, using electronic documents, requisitions and signatures, meaning, paperless. The programme aims to utilise advances in technology by creating a system that reduces the delay and anxiety which can be experienced in the house buying process. According to the Land Law Legal Essays and Coursework (2005), ... On the first registration, the registrar awards a grade of title to each registered estate. In the case of freehold estates, one of the following grades of title may be awarded according to section 11 of the Act. The absolute freehold title shows there is nothing dubious about the title. The estate is vested in the proprietor and is subject only to entries on the register and overriding interests. Title does not have to be perfect. If the registrar believes that any defect will "not cause the holding under the title to be disturbed", absolute title will be given - section 9(3) of the Land Registration Act (Land Law Legal Essays and Coursework, 2005). In the possessory freehold title, there is no documentary evidence of title, for example, lost title deeds. Title depends on adverse possession. It conveys no guarantee of title at the time of registration, but subsequent problems, for example forgery of proprietor's signature, will be covered by the guarantee. It can be upgraded into absolute title after being in possession as proprietor for twelve years as mentioned in section 62(1), (4)). In the qualified freehold title, the title is subject to a fundamental defect. There is no guarantee in respect of the specified defect. It may be upgraded to absolute title if registrar is satisfied as to the title (section 62 of the Land Registration Act). On the other hand, in the case of leasehold estates, one of the following grades of title may be awarded according to section 12 of the Act. The absolute leasehold title is the same to absolute freehold except the proprietor is also subject to covenants in the lease. The good leasehold title is the same as absolute leasehold except the right of the landlord to

Ch 5, 5, 7 (Questions and Answers) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ch 5, 5, 7 (Questions and Answers) - Essay Example Printed and electronic sources can be utilized for the research with electronic sources that are regularly updated giving accurate information. The internet has powerful search engines that can identify material to the specification of the researcher. A magazine that Specializes in flooring industry can be identified as long as the company’s information is on the internet. Public libraries can also be used to identify such companies. Q#5. Confronted by low sales, the president of Oaks International Inc. asks a research company to study the activities of the customer relation department in the corporation. What are some of the important reasons that this research project may fail to make an adequate contribution to the solution of management problems? A hotel has many divisions and the company should not limit the research agency to analysis of the customer relations department. All the departments in the hotel should be audited to give conclusive evidence. The problems may also be in various departments contributing to the general problem. Rectification of the sales department may solve part of the problem any may increase sales below the organizations potential. The research limitation to one department may yield biased results as the researchers are directed towards the problem. The company should hire the research company to evaluate the problem facing the company without pinpointing the source of the problem (Cooper & Schindler, 2010). To understand how hospitals prepare and train volunteers, the first step would be to identify some sample hospitals which to conduct research. After identifying these hospitals, the researcher should conduct a literature research by reading information from the internet and books on how the process of preparation and training of workers takes place. The researcher can then visit the sample hospitals and compare them with those from the literature

Coping with Stress Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Coping with Stress - Essay Example The major cause of stress in my life is the psychological factor. My aims are always very high and I put in all my efforts to achieve my goal and target. I have always managed to keep up to the expectations of the people and this is the major reason of my stress. The fear of not keeping up to the expectations of other people always keeps me under stress. This stress keeps me under pressure, constant headache, cold, stomach ache, afraid to express myself in front of people; the efficiency of my work is also reduced due to this stress (Lazarus, & Folkman, 1984). A proper strategy must be designed in order to cope up with this stressful condition in order to make myself capable of achieving my goals and aims. First I must make myself realize that nobody can be perfect and that mistakes can be made by everyone. I must try to relax myself through meditation and certain medications so that I can get relieved of the stress. These techniques will certainly get me out of the stressful condition because the best solution of getting relieved from stress is meditation (Lazarus,